Design and Development of a Microscopic Electrical Impedance Tomography System

Basically, Electrical impedance tomography is a new technique in monitoring and imaging cross sectional images and physical state of objects by measuring the internal impedance distribution. This paper presents the design of a microscopic electrical impedance tomography system, which is a non-destructive approach that has the capability to interpret and analyze the internal impedance distribution of a medium (the system) and reconstruct its image as a tomogram, where any object inside the system can be shown in a 2D (two-dimension) image. A current source circuit was constructed and studied by injecting 5 mA of current to an array of electrodes (3*3 array). Moreover, the conditional measurement circuit is going to receive voltage from measurement electrodes array of 8*16 in each plane.  The data was obtained from both planes as a matrix of 8*16 electrodes using multiplexers which was transferred serially to the PC to be analyzed and to reconstruct the image/tomogram. The image reconstruction process and algorithms were engaged in the calculation to reconstruct the image based on the voltage collected. Finally, interpolation is conducted to improve the quality and increase the resolution of the image

Control unit in optical tomography

Control unit is important part in any process tomography. This unit will ensure the smoothness of overall system. Knowledge in programming the microcontroller is really needed to ensure the success of any project. This section will give the reader some knowledge about RS232 communication using PIC18F4520 and C language as a software tools to program the code

Device-Free Localization for Human Activity Monitoring

Over the past few decades, human activity monitoring has grabbed considerable research attentions due to greater demand for human-centric applications in healthcare and assisted living. For instance, human activity monitoring can be adopted in smart building system to improve the building management as well as the quality of life, especially for the elderly people who are facing health deterioration due to aging factor, without neglecting the important aspects such as safety and energy consumption. The existing human monitoring technology requires additional sensors, such as GPS, PIR sensors, video camera, etc., which incur cost and have several drawbacks. There exist various solutions of using other technologies for human activity monitoring in a smartly controlled environment, either device-assisted or device-free. A radio frequency (RF)-based device-free indoor localization, known as device-free localization (DFL), has attracted a lot of research effort in recent years due its simplicity, low cost, and compatibility with the existing hardware equipped with RF interface. This chapter introduces the potential of RF signals, commonly adopted for wireless communications, as sensing tools for DFL system in human activity monitoring. DFL is based on the concept of radio irregularity where human existence in wireless communication field may interfere and change the wireless characteristics

Image reconstruction using iterative transpose algorithm for optical tomography

This paper describes a transpose algorithm for use with an optical tomography system. The measurement system consisted of two orthogonal arrays, each having ten parallel views, resulting in a total of twenty sensors. The measurement section is divided into hundred equi-sized pixels. The forward problem is modelled by allocating an optical attenuation coefficient to each pixel. The attenuation of incident collimated light beams is then modelled using the Lambert-Beer law. The inverse problem is defined and the transpose of the sensitivity matrix is used to obtain an estimate of the attenuation coefficients in each pixel. The iterative method is investigated as a means of improving reconstructed image qualit

Back calculation Anti Windup PID controller on Several Well-Known Tuning Method for Glycerin Bleaching Process Temperature Regulation

The aim of this paper is to comprehend the performance of back calculation anti windup scheme with difference tracking time constant, Ta on Proportional – Integral - Derivative (PID) controller for improving temperature regulation of glycerin bleaching process.  Several available well tuning methods including Ziegler Nichols (ZN), Internal Model Control (IMC) and Integral Square Error (ISE)-Load are used and analyzed. The performance of the controller tuning methods are  compared based on percentage of overshoot, settling time, rise time and time to recovery on the presence of disturbance. From the results, the best performance of temperature regulation for glycerin bleaching process can be reached by using ISE-Load tuning with tracking time constant, Ta equal to derivative time constant, Td.&nbsp

Electronic design of portable ECT for crude palm oil quality monitoring system

This paper presents the process of visualizing the composition of a crude palm oil (CPO) during separator process which collects the recovered crude palm oil from the liquid waste before separation process, in order to monitor the percentage· of load waste p1·esent using a tomographic technique by Portable. Electrical Capacitance Tomog­raphy (ECT) so that the process separation {separate oil and water/sludge) becomes much easier and the quality of crude palm oil can be reliably monitored. Palm oils industry is one of the largest production, producer and exporter of palm oil and palm oil prod­ucts countries in the world. Oil Palm was first introduced to Malaysia in year 1875 as an ornamental plant. .Malaysia has the mast ideal climate conditions for growing oil palm. The growth of the palm oil industry in Malaysia has been phenomenal over the last 4 decades. Nevertheless, palm oil industry is one of the most pollution generating agro industries in Malaysia. One of the major problems arises from the oil palm fruit processing is the large amount of wastes generated during the processes. There are two main wastes resulted from operation of a Palm Oil Mill, namely solid waste and liquid waste. The solid waste may consist of palm Kernel shells, mesocary fibers and empty fruit bunches. The liquid waste generated from extraction of palm oil of a wet process comes mainly from oil room after separator or decanter. There is no monitoring system that is currently available in our local palm oil mill to visualize the percentage of load waste present inside the vessel. Therefore, the system is aimed to become an instrument to support the local and foreign palm oil mills to efficiently control in monitoring the quality of crude palm oil flow in the conveying pipeline during extraction of palm oil mill process. The monitoring system is able to visualize the percentage of load waste present inside the vessel so that the data can be used to design better process equipment in mill process or to control certain processes in order to maximize the quality of crude palm oil and the POME treatment process can be improved

A low cost and high speed electrical capacitance tomography system design

Electrical capacitance tomography system is a system which can be used for imaging industrial multi-component processes involving non-conducting fluids in pipelines. In order to make an ECT system applicable in all kinds of industries, the cost factor of building an ECT system is essential. In this research, we focus on reducing the cost of the system while not affecting the quality of the results. In the past, most of the researches in tomography system have concentrated more on the design of the sensor, and use DAS card as the interface to the PC. This will increase the cost of the system. In this case, the cost of the data acquisition system will be needed to be taken into consideration. To develop a low cost and fast data acquisition system, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) is found to be the most ideal technology. In order to further reduce the cost of the ECT system, a very low cost material, aluminium plates are used as the electrodes of the system. The information obtained in the PC will be reconstructed using iterative algorithm in order to obtain a precise image of the flow in the pipeline. The information obtained from the system will be useful for the purpose of controlling the flow in the pipeline

Optical tomography experimental setup : a study on reflection effect

The selection types of material to be used as an obstacle or a sensor jig is really important before doing any decision about what material to be used in Optical Tomography. An experiment needs to be done to analyze the performance of each type of material. In this paper, the selection is between Aluminium and PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) whether they are suitable as an obstacle or more suitable for the sensor jig design. With the experiment, we can see the theory behind it, that showing the trustiness of the experiment that has been done

Power analysis in designing an experiment: The effect of acoustic treatments on mung beans

Recently, acoustic treatments have become an attention in agricultural studies. Many researchers found that acoustic treatments can be a supplemental factor in enhancing plant growth. However, the researches on this field have been mostly restricted to find the significant effect of their studies. Although extensive researches have been carried out, few studies do not report the sample size used in their experiment. Hence, this study will emphasise on the application of power analysis in the phase of designing an experiment which focus on the experiment to find the effect of acoustic treatments on mung beans. This paper presents a step-by-step guide to find the minimum number of sample size needed to conduct the experiment and how retrospective power analysis is calculated specifically for the data analysis using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Based on this study, the minimum total sample size estimated to conduct this experiment is 120 to 216. Upon conducting the experiment, the retrospective power is 97.3% and the effect size is 0.096. The effect size obtained can be a reference parameter for future experiment